1. abstract怎么写
abstract(抽象)修饰符,可以修饰类和方法
1,abstract修饰类,会使这个类成为一个抽象类,这个类将不能生成对象实例,但可以做为对象变量声明的类型,也就是编译时类型,抽象类就像当于一类的半成品,需要子类继承并覆盖其中的抽象方法。
2,abstract修饰方法,会使这个方法变成抽象方法,也就是只有声明(定义)而没有实现,实现部分以";"代替。需要子类继承实现(覆盖)。
注意:有抽象方法的类一定是抽象类。但是抽象类中不一定都是抽象方法,也可以全是具体方法。
abstract修饰符在修饰类时必须放在类名前。
abstract修饰方法就是要求其子类覆盖(实现)这个方法。调用时可以以多态方式调用子类覆盖(实现)后的方法,也就是说抽象方法必须在其子类中实现,除非子类本身也是抽象类。
注意:父类是抽象类,其中有抽象方法,那么子类继承父类,并把父类中的所有抽象方法都实现(覆盖)了,子类才有创建对象的实例的能力,否则子类也必须是抽象类。抽象类中可以有构造方法,是子类在构造子类对象时需要调用的父类(抽象类)的构造方法。
举个简单的例子下面有一个抽象类
abstract class E{
public abstract void show();//public abstract 可以省略
}
然后其它类如果继承它通常为了实现它里面的方法
class F extends E{
void show(){
//写具体实现的代码
}
}
最后再主方法里面定义一个父类引用指向子类对象,就会发生多态现象,比如
E e=new F();
e.show();
实际调用了子类里面的show()方法
这是从网上粘贴的,不知道符不符合你的意思
2. 毕业论文Abstract怎么写
毕业论文Abstract怎么写?
毕业论文的Abstract简单说就是毕业论文的英文摘要,先把中文摘要写好,然后翻译成英文就可以了。
摘要也就是内容提要,是论文中不可缺少的一部分。论文摘要是一篇具有独立性的短文,有其特别的地方。它是建立在对论文进行总结的基础之上,用简单、明确、易懂、精辟的语言对全文内容加以概括,留主干去枝叶,提取论文的主要信息。作者的观点、论文的主要内容、研究成果、独到的见解,这些都应该在摘要中体现出来。好的摘要便于索引与查找,易于收录到大型资料库中并为他人提供信息。因此摘要在资料交流方面承担着至关重要的作用。
书写摘要的基本规范和原则
(1)论文摘要分为中文摘要和外文(一般为英文)摘要。摘要在篇幅方面的限定,不同的学校和机构有不同的要求,通常中文摘要不超过300字,英文摘要不超过250个实词,中英文摘要应一致。毕业论文摘要可适当增加篇幅。
(2)多向指导教师请教,并根据提供的意见及时修改,以期达到更高水平。
(3)摘要是完整的短文,具有独立性,可以单独使用。即使不看论文全文的内容,仍然可以理解论文的主要内容、作者的新观点和想法、课题所要实现的目的、采取的方法、研究的结果与结论。
(4)叙述完整,突出逻辑性,短文结构要合理。
(5)要求文字简明扼要,不容赘言,提取重要内容,不含前言、背景等细节部分,去掉旧结论、原始数据,不加评论和注释。采用直接表述的方法,删除不必要的文学修饰。摘要中不应包括作者将来的计划以及与此课题无关的内容,做到用最少的文字提供最大的信息量。
(6)摘要中不使用特殊字符,也不使用图表和化学结构式,以及由特殊字符组成的数学表达式,不列举例证。
3. 关于abstract写什么
EI要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)应该用简洁、明确的语言(一般不超过150 words)将论文的目的(Purposes),主要的研究过程(Procedures)及所采用的方法(Methods),由此得到的主要结果(Results)和得出的重要结论(Conclusions)表达清楚。如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说,要写好英文摘要,作者必须回答好以下几个问题:
1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)
2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)
3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)
4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)
根据《EI》对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。
目的(What I want to do?)
主要说明作者写作此文的目的,或本文主要解决的问题。一般来说,一篇好的英文摘要,一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时,可利用论文中所列的最新文献,简要介绍前人的工作,但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面,《EI》提出了两点具体要求:
1) Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息).
2) Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。
过程与方法(How I did it?)
主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也应包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中,过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题(How I did it),而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物,只有定性的描述,使读者很难清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此,在说明过程与方法时,应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述,这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路,又给那些看不懂中文(但却可以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。
结果和结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)
结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献,论文有没有价值,值不值得读
4. 怎样写abstract,proposal,cover letter
Writing Abstracts, Proposals, and Letters good abstracts clear proposals appropriate letters ABSTRACTS An abstract is an extract of the essence of your work. Abstracts are not summaries; they are more concise and clearer than summaries. Abstracts give what was discovered, how it was done, how it fits with other research, and what it suggests for future research. ABSTRACTS The difficulty in writing an abstract is that the abstract must be short. Most journals tell authors to send in abstracts of as few as 150 words or less. Conference abstracts sometimes require as few as 50 words. Writing a good abstract requires extreme discipline. ABSTRACTS Writing an abstract requires unusual cognitive and linguistic discipline. Excess words must be carefully eliminated. The clarity of the words will determine. If others will read your work. If readers will accurately report its information to others. ABSTRACTS Stay within or under the required number of words. Edit carefully. Have a colleague who knows your work well edit. Edit again. Check your word choices and structures against other recent abstracts in the journal to which you plan to send your paper. PROPOSALS Proposals for presenting at conferences are relatively easy to write. However writing proposals for grants is considerably more difficult. Proposals to Conferences Writing proposals for presenting at conferences is similar to writing abstracts. Brevity is important. Each conference will have its proposal requirements and deadlines posted on its website. Usually the conference prefers a one-page proposal. Proposals to Conferences The proceedings are usually published so that this gives you a publication. However, give careful consideration before having your work published this way. Because a science journal will not consider publishing work that has been published elsewhere. Proposals for Grants lengthy matters requiring information about your research the background its purpose its value to the grant-giving organization Proposals for Grants First-time applications for a grant are often unsuccessful, but do not be discouraged. If yours is rejected, detailed information about why it has been rejected will accompany the rejection. Next you should carefully rewrite the grant addressing the reasons it was rejected, and resubmit. Cover Letters Submissions to journals today are done electronically, and including a brief electronic cover letter is appropriate. Such letters are easy to write and have no need to be original, witty, or eloquent. CoverLetters Introductory and Application Letters Informal as to be impolite. 'Hi,' or 'Hi Petey,' or 'Hi Dr. Young' Overly formal 'My Very Dear Dr. Young' or 'Honored Professor'. Introductory and Application Letters The most effective letters of introduction or application are simple and direct. You attach your resume and perhaps one other relevant brief document. Letters of recommendation are sent later. It is absolutely essential that you make no mistakes, even of a minor nature. Edit your letterbefore you send it. Introductory and Application Letters Keep a file of letters you send and letters you receive. These will serve you as a future resource for appropriate letter writing. The danger of email correspondence is that you may write so quickly and send in email. The best advice is to compose your letters in a word-processing program, copy and paste them into email.。
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