1.by的五种用法
by的用法小结 1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。
He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。 the book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。
2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。 Don't judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。
He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。 3.表示时间,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。
He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。 By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。
4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。 the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。
the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。 5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。
go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去 travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行 6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在……旁边”。 There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。
2.by 的用法
介词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。
下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳: 一、by+地点名词。表方位,意为:“在…旁边”。
如:by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。 She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春)晚饭后,她常坐在火旁,有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。 注:有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。
As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形)当我们这些男生冲向操场时,吉姆从桌旁溜过。 二、by+时间名词。
意为:“到…时(已发生某事),此时谓语多用完成时;最晚、不迟于…,在…之前”。如:by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock等。
By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春)到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。 The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开,所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。
1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。
如:by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里,烟叶按捆卖,鸡蛋按打卖,盐按磅卖。 2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词(名词前不加冠词)。
意为:“按…计算,按…买(卖)”。如:by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。
As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知,行李的运费是按重量计算的。 3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。
意为:“通过…,由…,乘…”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。
(on foot) It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。 “I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”
“为何不尝试一下坐船呢?” 4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词(名词前不加冠词,不变复数)。意为:“靠…,通过…,由…所致”。
如:by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。 Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读)虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找,但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气,找到了它。
I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的,而不是机器织的。
5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径,意为:“通过(某物、某地),取道…”。
如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。 The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。
6、by+动词—ing.意为:“通过…,靠…,凭…”。如:by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。
He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。 Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的,同样,大脑是靠学习开发的。
四、by+数量词。 1、表升降、增减的程度。
如:by one-fifth/20 percent/£3/two feet等。 With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。
The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。 2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。
如:by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。 Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海)幸运地是,那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。
The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。 五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。
表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分,常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如:by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。
The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警。
3.by的所有用法
介词 by 用法详解 1. 表示场所,意为“在……旁边”“在……近旁”“在……手边”,此时要注意它与介词near有所不同,即by 表示的距离更“近”。
比较: He lives by the sea. 他住在海滨。 He lives near the sea. 他住在离海不远处。
2. 表示动词执行者,主要用于被动语态,此时要注意它与介词with的区别:by 表示动作的主体,with 表示动作者的手段工具。如: The house was destroyed by fire. 此屋被大火烧毁。
(fire是动作的主体,此句的主动形式为Fire destroyed the house.) The house was destroyed with fire. 此屋是(被人)用火烧毁的。(fire只是工具,动作的主体另有其人,此句可认为省略了一个by短语,如by someone之类的,其主动形式可以是 Someone destroyed the house with fire.) 3. 表示手段或方式等,注意以下用法: (1) 表示“乘”“坐”时,其后接交通工具(如 bus, bike, train, plane, car, taxi, ship等)或与交通工具密切相关的名词(如air, water, land, road等),在句中主要用作方式状语,其中通常不用冠词或其他限定词。
如: They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。 但是,若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语,则也可以用冠词。
如: We're going by the 9:30 train. 我们坐9:30的火车去。 We went to Shanghai by a large ship. 我们乘一艘大船去上海。
注意,汉语说“步行”,英语习惯上用on foot, 而不用 by foot。 (2) 注意以下表示方式的有用表达,其中不用冠词或其他限定词: by phone 用电话 by telegram 用电报 by letter 用信件 by express 用快件 by air mail 用航空邮件 by ordinary mail 用平信 by post 用邮寄 by radio 用无线电 by hand 用手工 by machine 用机器。
4.by的用法有哪些
1、by在表示时间时,常与动词的一般时、将来时、完成时或将来完成时连用。作“在…时候”解时,常用于by day〔night〕短语中。
2、by表示方式(除作“抓住…”解时)或原因后接名词时,名词前通常不加冠词。
3、by表示方式作“凭着”解时,其后常接反身代词; 作“乘”解时,后接交通工具,其前不加冠词。
4、by表示比率作“以…为单位”解时,常与表示单位的名词或数词连用,名词前常用定冠词; 作“…比…”解时,用于两个数字之间表示面积。
5、by表示累加时,前后一般用同一个名词、数词或副词,名词前不用定冠词,且不用于复数形式。
6、by表示动作者的时候,常用于被动结构。
7、by用于被动结构时,既可以引出施动者,也可用来表示做某事的手段。
5.by的三种用法
by有很多的用法,By是个很常用的介词(有时也用作副词),在初中英语中的用法有以下几种:1.意为“在……旁”、“* 近”。
如:Some are singing and dancing under a big tree . Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞,有的在湖边画画儿。2.意为“不迟于”、“到……时为止”。
如:Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲?3.表示方法、手段,可译作“* ”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。
如:The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing. 猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。The boy's father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. 孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。
4.表示“逐个”、“逐批”的意思。如:One by one they went past the table in the dark. 他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。
5.表示“根据”、“按照”的意思。如:What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了?6.和take , hold等动词连用,说明接触身体的某一部分。
如:I took him by the hand. 我拉住了它的手。7.用于被动句中,表示行为主体,常译作“被”、“由”等。
如:English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人所说。(即“许多人讲英语。”
)8.组成其它短语。1) by the way : 意为“顺便说”、“顺便问一下”,常做插入语。
如:By the way , where's Li Ping , do you know? 顺便问一下,李平在哪儿。你知道吗?2) by oneself : 意为“单独”、“自行”。
如:I can't leave her by herself. 我不能把她单独留下。3) by and by : 意为“不久以后”、“不一会儿”。
如:But by and by , more and more people began to study English. 但是不久以后,越来越多的人开始学英语了。
6.by有几种用法
“by”的用法.(1)表示在……旁,如by the fire 在炉火旁.(2)用于被动语态,表示“被”,如It is planted by Tom . (3)到……为止,在……以前,如We can get the books by Monday . (4)依照,依据,如By your theory , ……,按你的理论,……(5)表示方法,手段,by sea乘船,by bus(6)由于,因……,I”d know you by your laugh . (7)表示把,握的部位,She pulled me by the sleeve . 她抓住我的衣袖.词组:by the way 顺便说一句by and by 不久以后by oneself 单独,自行/101resource004/wenjianku/200307/101ktb/ynjd/YN9EQQ0E/YN9EQQ0E.htm。
7.by的用法
1. 被,由
The homework was assigned by the teacher.
这些家庭作业是老师布置的。
2. 靠,用,通过
They crossed the river by ferry.
他们乘渡船过了河。
3. 经由;沿
Ellen flew to Chicago by way of Minneapolis.
艾伦经由明尼阿波利斯飞往芝加哥。
4. 在。旁边,靠近;在。手边
I haven't got any money by me.
我身边没有带钱。
5. 不迟于;在。之前
We had to get there by evening.
我们必须在夜晚前抵达那里。
6. 根据,按照
How do you know he didn't act by the rules?
你怎么知道他没有按规定行事?
7. (表程度)相差
He missed the bus by three minutes.
他晚了三分钟没赶上那班公车。
8. 凭,对。(发誓)
I swear by God!
我对上帝发誓!
9. (乘除法上)以。,用。(乘或除)
Nine divided by three makes three.
九除以三得三。
10. 以。计,按
You'll be paid by the hour.
你的工资将按时计酬。
11. 在。的时候
He had to sleep by day and work by night.
他只好白天睡觉,晚上工作。
12. 就。来说,关于
Philip is a doctor by profession.
菲利浦的职业是医生。
13. (表连续或反复)逐个;逐批
The teacher explained the text sentence by sentence.
教师逐句讲解了这篇课文。
14. 由于
She took my umbrella by mistake.
她误拿了我的伞。
ad.
1. 经过;过去
A truck went by.
一辆卡车开过。
2. 在旁边
When I filled out the form she was standing by all the time.
我填写表格时,她一直站在我身旁。
3. (放)在一边
They put money by for later use.
他们储存钱以备将来使用。
4. 【美】【口】到(或进入)某人的家
Please come by and have dinner with us.
请到我家来一起吃晚饭。
就这些了
8.BY的用法
1)表示以一般的方法或方式。如:
No one in those days could live by writing poems.
(2)表示传达、传递的方式或煤介。如:
How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?
(3)表示用交通工具、通讯工具后接名词单数,不加冠词。如:
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面两句的区别:
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名词”构成的词组有:by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work.
我可没查字典,BY的用法比较多,我列的是常见的
9.BY 介词中怎么用
by是个常用介词,由它组成的短语所表示的意思繁多而复杂。
归纳如下: 1. 在被动语态里表示动作的执行者或施动者,意思为\"由。
;被。
\"。例如:This prizewinning essay was written by an unknown author。
这篇获奖文章是由一位名不见经传的作家写的。 The village is surrounded by a lot of tall trees. 这个村庄被许多大树所环绕。
2. 表示期限,意思为\"到。
为止;不迟于。
;在。
之前\"。 例如:The plane will surely arrive by ten o\'clock.飞机十点钟一定会到达。
We hope we can complete our task by twelve. 我们希望到十二点钟能够完成任务。 By the end of last month, he had collected over 500 stamps. 3. 表示空间位置,意思为\"在。
旁边;靠近。
\",相当于near, beside, next to。
例如: There is a desk by the window. 窗子旁有一张办公桌。 The woman is washing the clothes by the well. 那位妇女在井旁边洗衣服。
4. 表示通讯方式,意为\"用。
\",by 后面的名词不带冠词,也不用复数形式。例如:She told me the good news by phone. 她打电话把这个好消息告诉我。
That university informed me of my acceptance by letter. 那所大学用书信通知我,我被录取了。 5. 表示交通方式,意思为\"乘。
;坐。
\",后接单数名词,不带冠词。
例如:They have decided to go to Macau by plane. 他们已决定乘飞机去澳门 6. 表示方式、手段,意思是\"借助;凭。
\", 后接名词或动名词。 例如:He passed the college entrance examination by hard work. 他凭着勤奋通过了高考。
The woman makes a living by selling newspapers. 那个妇女靠卖报谋生。 7. 表示程度和比率,通常指时间、空间和数量等的相差。
例如:He is older than his wife by three years. 他比他妻子大三岁。 The car factory hopes to increase its output by 50% next year. 这家汽车制造厂希望明年将汽车产量提高百分之五十。
With modern technology, production cost has dropped by one half. 由于采用了现代技术,劳动成本下降了一半。8. 表示计酬或销售方式等,意思为\"按 。
计算;以。
为单位. 例如:Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 大城市的清洁女工通常按小时付给报酬。
Translation is paid by the word. 译稿是以字数计酬的。 They sell the cloth by the yard. 他们按码售布。
The eggs are sold by the dozen. 这些鸡蛋按打出售。 9. 表示面积或体积的计算方式,意思为"用。
去乘"。
例如: The room measures fifteen feet by twenty feet. 这房间十五英尺宽二十英尺长。 10. 表示\"根据。
;按照。
\"。
例如:You shouldn\'t judge a person by (his) appearance. 你不该以貌取人。 We must play the game by rule.我们必须按照规则进行比赛。
11. by hand表示\"用手的;手工制的;专人送的 例如:These baskets are made by hand. 这些篮子是手工做的 This letter was delivered by hand. 这封信是由专人送来的。 12. 表示"就。
而言;关于。
例如:He is a good writer, although he is not a writer by profession. 他是个好作家,但不是职业作家。